formatting - I cannot format my micro SD card

I have some problem with the micro SD card I usually use on my phone. I recently updated my phone to Android 6 and it is now asking me to format the SC card.
However it always fails.

I tried to format it in the computer (Windows 10), using a cheap USB stick adaptor. Quick format fails and complete format fails at the end after more than two hours running.

I tried EaseUS Partition Manager to format the card, but had a similar result:

There are some error occurred while writing partition chains on disk.

A Google search pointed me to the testdisk utility, which gave me the following message:

Current partition structure:  
check_FAT: Unusual media descriptor (0xf0!=0xf8)  
Warning: number of heads/cylinder mismatches 4 (FAT) != 255 (HD)  
Warning: number of sectors per track mismatches 16 (FAT) != 63 (HD)  
   P FAT32                    0   0  1  3852 194 54   61894656 [NO NAME]

On Linux (I'm not an advanced user), the system detects the card but cannot mount it. dmesg gives me the following information:

[  146.356105] usb 1-5.3: new high-speed USB device number 3 using ehci-pci  
[  146.443845] usb 1-5.3: New USB device found, idVendor=058f, idProduct=6335  
[  146.443850] usb 1-5.3: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2,  SerialNumber=3 
[  146.443853] usb 1-5.3: Product: Mass Storage Device  
[  146.443856] usb 1-5.3: Manufacturer: Generic  
[  146.443858] usb 1-5.3: SerialNumber: 058F011111B1  
[  146.457414] usb-storage 1-5.3:1.0: USB Mass Storage device detected  
[  146.457759] scsi4 : usb-storage 1-5.3:1.0  

[  146.457893] usbcore: registered new interface driver usb-storage  
[  146.459336] usbcore: registered new interface driver uas  
[  147.460498] scsi 4:0:0:0: Direct-Access     SD/MMC   Card  Reader     1.00 PQ: 0 ANSI: 0  
[  147.460920] sd 4:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg5 type 0  
[  147.876455] sd 4:0:0:0: [sde] 61896704 512-byte logical blocks: (31.6 GB/29.5 GiB)  
[  147.878693] sd 4:0:0:0: [sde] Write Protect is off  
[  147.878698] sd 4:0:0:0: [sde] Mode Sense: 03 00 00 00  
[  147.880945] sd 4:0:0:0: [sde] No Caching mode page found  
[  147.880950] sd 4:0:0:0: [sde] Assuming drive cache: write through  
[  147.893705]  sde: sde1  

[  147.905230] sd 4:0:0:0: [sde] Attached SCSI removable disk  

The card can be used on Windows, I can read, write and copy files on the PC but not in the phone, and I cannot format it in any way.

Any suggestions about what I could try?