As far as I know, an EMP can cause unrecoverable damage to traditional magnetic HDDs (regardless to whether they are turned on or not) in an instant and is also capable of damaging other microelectronic devices (that don't use magnetic technologies themselves).
What about SSD drives? Will the information on such a drive be lost in case of an EMP event even if the drive is turned off?
Answer
The traditional Hard Disk is actually more likely to survive an EMP than an SSD:
The major effect of a large EMP is to induce high currents and
voltages in electrical systems, damaging them or disrupting their
function. NEMP weapons are designed to maximise such effects, and are
capable of destroying susceptible electronic equipment over a wide
area. An indirect effect can be electrical fires caused by the high
level of overload.
An SSD is purely an electrical system, so these pulses will easily damage the transistors where an HDD would require a strong magnetic field to physically change the pits of the surface of the disk.
I do not believe either is especially difficult to kill with a good EMP, but I would expect the tolerance of the SSD to be lower than an HHD from an EMP.
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